FARM
Flexible Array of Radars and Mesonets
Formal peer-reviewed papers using DOW data:
Juliano, T. W., Lareau, N., Frediani, M. E., Shamsaei, K., Eghdami, M., Kosiba, K., Wurman, J., DeCastro, A., Kosović, B., and Ebrahimian, H., 2023: Toward a Better Understanding of Wildfire Behavior in the Wildland-Urban Interface: A Case Study of the 2021 Marshall Fire. Geophysical Research Letters, 50, e2022GL101557, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL101557.
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Kosiba, K., and J. Wurman, 2023: The strongest winds in tornadoes are very near the ground. Communications Earth & Environment, 4, 50, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00716-6.
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Minder, J. R., and Coauthors, 2023: P-type Processes and Predictability: The Winter Precipitation Type Research Multiscale Experiment (WINTRE-MIX). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-22-0095.1.
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Gaudet, L. C., K. J. Sulia, T.-C. Tsai, J.-P. Chen, and J. P. Blair, 2021: Assessment of a Microphysical Ensemble Used to Investigate the OWLeS IOP4 Lake-Effect Storm. J. Atmos. Sci., 78, 1607–1628, doi: 10.1175/JAS-D-20-0045.1
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Nelson, T. C., J. Marquis, A. Varble, and K. Friedrich, 2021: Radiosonde Observations of Environments Supporting Deep Moist Convection Initiation during RELAMPAGO-CACTI. Mon. Wea. Rev., 149, 289–309, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-20-0148.1
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Nesbitt, S. W., P. V. Salio, E. Ávila, P. Bitzer, L. Carey, V. Chandrasekar, W. Deierling, F. Dominguez, M. E. Dillon, C. M. Garcia, D. Gochis, S. Goodman, D. A. Hence, K. A. Kosiba, M. R. Kumjian, T. Lang, L. M. Luna, J. Marquis, R. Marshall, L. A. McMurdie, E. L. Nascimento, K. L. Rasmussen, R. Roberts, A. K. Rowe, J. J. Ruiz, E. F. São Sabbas, A. C. Saulo, R. S. Schumacher, Y. G. Skabar, L. A. T. Machado, R. J. Trapp, A. Varble, J. Wilson, J. Wurman, E. J. Zipser, I. Arias, H. Bechis, and M. A. Grover, 2021: A storm safari in Subtropical South America: proyecto RELAMPAGO. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 102, E1621–E1644, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0029.1
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Rappin, E., R. Mahmood, U. Nair, R. A. Pielke, W. Brown, S. Oncley, J. Wurman, K. Kosiba, A. Kaulfus, C. Phillips, E. Lachenmeier, J. Santanello, E. Kim, and P. Lawston-Parker, 2021: The Great Plains Irrigation Experiment (GRAINEX). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 102, E1756-E1785, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0041.1
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Schumacher, R. S., D. A. Hence, S. W. Nesbitt, R. J. Trapp, K. A. Kosiba, J. Wurman, P. Salio, M. Rugna, A. C. Varble, and N. R. Kelly, 2021: Convective-Storm Environments in Subtropical South America from High-Frequency Soundings during RELAMPAGO-CACTI. Mon. Wea. Rev., 149, 1439–1458, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-20-0293.1
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Wurman, J., K. Kosiba, B. Pereira, P. Robinson, A. Frambach, A. Gilliland, T. White, J. Aikins, R. J. Trapp, S. Nesbitt, M. N. Hanshaw, and J. Lutz, 2021: The FARM (Flexible Array of Radars and Mesonets). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 102, E1499–E1525, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0285.1
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Wurman, J., K. Kosiba, T. White, and P. Robinson, 2021: Supercell tornadoes are much stronger and wider than damage-based ratings indicate. PNAS, 118, e2021535118, doi: 10.1073/pnas.2021535118
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Bergmaier, P. T., and B. Geerts, 2020: LLAP Band Structure and Intense Lake-Effect Snowfall Downwind of Lake Ontario: Insights from the OWLeS 7–9 January 2014 Event. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 59, 1691–1715, doi: 10.1175/JAMC-D-19-0288.1
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Cann, M. D., and K. Friedrich, 2020: The Role of Moisture Pathways on Snowfall Amount and Distribution in the Payette Mountains of Idaho. Mon. Wea. Rev., 148, 2033–2048, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-19-0350.1
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Kosiba, K. A., J. Wurman, K. Knupp, K. Pennington, and P. Robinson, 2020: Ontario Winter Lake-effect Systems (OWLeS): Bulk Characteristics and Kinematic Evolution of Misovortices in Long-Lake-Axis-Parallel Snowbands. Mon. Wea. Rev., 148, 131–157, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-19-0182.1
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Miller, R. L., C. L. Ziegler, and M. I. Biggerstaff, 2020: Seven-Doppler Radar and In Situ Analysis of the 25–26 June 2015 Kansas MCS during PECAN. Mon. Wea. Rev., 148, 211–240, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-19-0151.1
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Murdzek, S. S., P. M. Markowski, Y. P. Richardson, and R. L. Tanamachi, 2020: Processes Preventing the Development of a Significant Tornado in a Colorado Supercell on 26 May 2010. Mon. Wea. Rev., 148, 1753–1778, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-19-0288.1
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Murdzek, S. S., P. M. Markowski, and Y. P. Richardson, 2020: Simultaneous Dual-Doppler and Mobile Mesonet Observations of Streamwise Vorticity Currents in Three Supercells. Mon. Wea. Rev., 148, 4859–4874, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-20-0239.1
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Naeger, A. R., B. A. Colle, N. Zhou, and A. Molthan, 2020: Evaluating Warm and Cold Rain Processes in Cloud Microphysical Schemes Using OLYMPEX Field Measurements. Mon. Wea. Rev., 148, 2163–2190, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-19-0092.1
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Trapp, R. J., K. A. Kosiba, J. N. Marquis, M. R. Kumjian, S. W. Nesbitt, J. Wurman, P. Salio, M. A. Grover, P. Robinson, and D. A. Hence, 2020: Multiple-Platform and Multiple-Doppler Radar Observations of a Supercell Thunderstorm in South America during RELAMPAGO. Mon. Wea. Rev., 148, 3225–3241, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-20-0125.1
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Derin, Y., E. Anagnostou, M. Anagnostou, and J. Kalogiros, 2019: Evaluation of X-Band Dual-Polarization Radar-Rainfall Estimates from OLYMPEX. J. Hydrometeor., 20, 1941–1959, doi: 10.1175/JHM-D-19-0097.1
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Fernández-Cabán, P.L., A.A. Alford, M.J. Bell, M.I. Biggerstaff, G.D. Carrie, B. Hirth, K. Kosiba, B.M. Phillips, J.L. Schroeder, S.M. Waugh, E. Williford, J. Wurman, and F.J. Masters, 2019: Observing Hurricane Harvey’s Eyewall at Landfall. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 100, 759–775, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0237.1
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Flournoy, M. D., and M. C. Coniglio, 2019: Origins of Vorticity in a Simulated Tornadic Mesovortex Observed during PECAN on 6 July 2015. Mon. Wea. Rev., 147, 107–134, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-18-0221.1
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French, M. M., and D. M. Kingfield, 2019: Dissipation Characteristics of Tornadic Vortex Signatures Associated with Long-Duration Tornadoes. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 58, 317–339, doi: 10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0187.1
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Rauber, R. M., B. Geerts, L. Xue, J. French, K. Friedrich, R.M. Rasmussen, S.A. Tessendorf, D.R. Blestrud, M.L. Kunkel, and S. Parkinson, 2019: Wintertime Orographic Cloud Seeding—A Review. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 58, 2117–2140, doi: 10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0341.1
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Tessendorf, S.A., J.R. French, K. Friedrich, B. Geerts, R.M. Rauber, R.M. Rasmussen, L. Xue, K. Ikeda, D.R. Blestrud, M.L. Kunkel, S. Parkinson, J.R. Snider, J. Aikins, S. Faber, A. Majewski, C. Grasmick, P.T. Bergmaier, A. Janiszeski, A. Springer, C. Weeks, D.J. Serke, and R. Bruintjes, 2019: A Transformational Approach to Winter Orographic Weather Modification Research: The SNOWIE Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 100, 71–92, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0152.1
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Barnes, H.C., J.P. Zagrodnik, L.A. McMurdie, A.K. Rowe, and R.A. Houze, 2018: Kelvin–Helmholtz Waves in Precipitating Midlatitude Cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 2763–2785, doi: 10.1175/JAS-D-17-0365.1
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Conrick, R., C.F. Mass, and Q. Zhong, 2018: Simulated Kelvin–Helmholtz Waves over Terrain and Their Microphysical Implications. J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 2787–2800, doi: 10.1175/JAS-D-18-0073.1
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Frank, L.R., V.L. Galinsky, L. Orf, and J. Wurman, 2018: Dynamic Multiscale Modes of Severe Storm Structure Detected in Mobile Doppler Radar Data by Entropy Field Decomposition. J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 709–730, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-17-0117.1
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Griffin, C.B., C.C. Weiss, A.E. Reinhart, J.C. Snyder, H.B. Bluestein, J. Wurman, and K.A. Kosiba, 2018: In Situ and Radar Observations of the Low Reflectivity Ribbon in Supercells during VORTEX2. Mon. Wea. Rev., 146, 307-327, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-17-0201.1
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Kilambi, A., F. Fabry, and V. Meunier, 2018: A Simple and Effective Method for Separating Meteorological from Nonmeteorological Targets Using Dual-Polarization Data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 35, 1415–1424, doi:10.1175/JTECH-D-17-0175.1
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Kumjian, M.R., Y.P. Richardson, T. Meyer, K.A. Kosiba, and J. Wurman, 2018: Resonance Scattering Effects in Wet Hail Observed with a Dual-X-Band-Frequency, Dual-Polarization Doppler on Wheels Radar. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 57, 2713–2731, doi: 10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0362.1
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Liou, Y., H. B. Bluestein, M. M. French, and Z. B. Wienhoff, 2018: Single-Doppler Velocity Retrieval of the Wind Field in a Tornadic Supercell Using Mobile, Phased-Array, Doppler Radar Data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 35, 1649–1663, doi: 10.1175/JTECH-D-18-0004.1
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Markowski, P.M., T.P. Hatlee, and Y.P. Richardson, 2018: Tornadogenesis in the 12 May 2010 Supercell Thunderstorm Intercepted by VORTEX2 near Clinton, Oklahoma. Mon. Wea. Rev., 146, 3623–3650, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-18-0196.1
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Pokharel, B., B. Geerts, and X. Jing, 2018: The impact of ground-based glaciogenic seeding on a shallow stratiform cloud over the Sierra Madre in Wyoming: A multi-sensor study of the 3 March 2012 case. Atmos. Res., 214, 74–90, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.07.013
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Steiger, S.M., T. Kranz, and T.W. Letcher, 2018: Thunderstorm Characteristics during the Ontario Winter Lake-Effect Systems Project. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 57, 853–874, doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-17-0188.1
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Wingo, S.M., W.A. Petersen, P.N. Gatlin, C.S. Pabla, D.A. Marks, and D.B. Wolff, 2018: The System for Integrating Multiplatform Data to Build the Atmospheric Column (SIMBA) Precipitation Observation Fusion Framework. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 35, 1353–1374, doi: 10.1175/JTECH-D-17-0187.1
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Wurman, J. and K. Kosiba, 2018: The role of small-scale vortices in enhancing surface winds and damage in Hurricane Harvey (2017). Mon. Wea. Rev., 146, 3441-3463, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-17-0327.1
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Zagrodnik, J.P., L.A. McMurdie, and R.A. Houze, 2018: Stratiform Precipitation Processes in Cyclones Passing over a Coastal Mountain Range. J. Atmos. Sci., 75, 983–1004, doi: 10.1175/JAS-D-17-0168.1
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Geerts, B., D. Parsons, C.L. Ziegler, T.M. Weckwerth, M.I. Biggerstaff, R.D. Clark, M.C. Coniglio, B.B. Demoz, R.A. Ferrare, W.A. Gallus, K. Haghi, J.M. Hanesiak, P.M. Klein, K.R. Knupp, K. Kosiba, G.M. McFarquhar, J.A. Moore, A.R. Nehrir, M.D. Parker, J.O. Pinto, R.M. Rauber, R.S. Schumacher, D.D. Turner, Q. Wang, X. Wang, Z. Wang, J. Wurman, 2017: The 2015 Plains Elevated Convection at Night Field Project. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 98, 767–786, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00257.1
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Houze, R., L. McMurdie, W. Petersen, M. Schwaller, W. Baccus, J. Lundquist, C. Mass, B. Nijssen, S. Rutledge, D. Hudak, S. Tanelli, G. Mace, M. Poellot, D. Lettenmaier, J. Zagrodnik, A. Rowe, J. DeHart, L. Madaus, and H. Barnes, 2017: The Olympic Mountains Experiment (OLYMPEX). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 98, 2167-2188, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0182.1
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Kristovich, D., R. Clark, J. Frame, B. Geerts, K. Knupp, K. Kosiba, N. Laird, N. Metz, J. Minder, T. Sikora, W. Steenburgh, S. Steiger, J. Wurman, and G. Young, 2017: The Ontario Winter Lake-Effect Systems Field Campaign: Scientific and Educational Adventures to Further Our Knowledge and Prediction of Lake-Effect Storms. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 98, 315–332, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00034.1
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Milrad, S. and C. Herbster, 2017: Mobile Radar as an Undergraduate Education and Research Tool: The ERAU C-BREESE Field Experience with the Doppler-on-Wheels. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 98, 1931-1948, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-15-00281.1
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Mulholland, J.P., J. Frame, S.W. Nesbitt, S.M. Steiger, K.A. Kosiba, and J. Wurman, 2017: Observations of Misovortices within a Long-Lake-Axis-Parallel Lake-Effect Snowband during the OWLeS Project. Mon. Wea. Rev., 145, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0430.1
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Pokharel, B., B. Geerts, X. Jing, K. Friedrich, K. Ikeda, and R. Rasmussen, 2017: A multi-sensor study of the impact of ground-based glaciogenic seeding on clouds and precipitation over mountains in Wyoming. Part II: Seeding impact analysis. Atmos. Res., 183, 42–57, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.08.018
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Refan, M., H. Hangan, J. Wurman, and K. Kosiba, 2017: Doppler radar-derived wind field of five tornado events with application to engineering simulations. Engineering Structures, 148, 509-521, doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.06.068
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Wood, V. T., R. L. Tanamachi, and L. W. White, 2017: Influences of Larger-Scale Vortex Variability on Tornado Pressure Minima in an Outer-Flow Region: Explorations Using a Parametric Tangential Wind Model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 145, 1597–1614, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0191.1
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Aikins, J., K. Friedrich, B. Geerts, and B. Pokharel, 2016: Role of a Cross-Barrier Jet and Turbulence on Winter Orographic Snowfall. Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 3277–3300, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0025.1
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Houston, A.L., R.J. Laurence, T.W. Nichols, S. Waugh, B. Argrow, and C.L. Ziegler, 2016: Intercomparison of Unmanned Aircraft-borne and Mobile Mesonet Atmospheric Sensors. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 33, 1569-1582, doi: 10.1175/JTECH-D-15-0178.1
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Jing, X., B. Geerts, and B. Boe, 2016: The extra-area effect of orographic cloud seeding: observational evidence of precipitation enhancement downwind of the target mountain, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 55, 1409-1424, doi: 10.1175/JAMC-D-15-0188.1
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Klees, A.M., Y. Richardson, P. Markowski, C. Weiss, J. Wurman, and K.A. Kosiba, 2016: Comparison of the Tornadic and Nontornadic Supercells Intercepted by VORTEX2 on 10 June 2010, Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 3201-3231, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-15-0345.1
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Marquis, J., Y. Richardson, P. Markowski, J. Wurman, K.A. Kosiba, and P. Robinson, 2016: An Investigation of the Goshen County, Wyoming, Tornadic Supercell of 5 June 2009 Using EnKF Assimilation of Mobile Mesonet and Radar Observations Collected during VORTEX2. Part II: Mesocyclone-Scale Processes Affecting Tornado Formation, Maintenance, and Decay, Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 3441-3463, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-15-0411.1
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Medina, S., and R. A. Houze Jr., 2016: Kelvin–Helmholtz waves in extratropical cyclones passing over mountain ranges. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 142, 1311–1319, doi: 10.1002/qj.2734
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Pokharel, B., and B. Geerts, 2016: A multi-sensor study of the impact of ground-based glaciogenic seeding on clouds and precipitation over mountains in Wyoming. Part I: Project description. Atmos. Res., 182, 269–281, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.08.008
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Wakimoto, R.M., N.T. Atkins, K.M. Butler, H.B. Bluestein, K. Thiem, J.C. Snyder, J. Houser, K.A.Kosiba, and J. Wurman, 2016: Aerial Damage Survey of the 2013 El Reno Tornado Combined with Mobile Radar Data, Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 1749-1776, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-15-0367.1
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Welsh, D., B. Geerts, X. Jing, P.T. Bergmaier, J.R. Minder, W.J. Steenburgh, and L.S. Campbell, 2016: Understanding Heavy Lake-Effect Snowfall: The Vertical Structure of Radar Reflectivity in a Deep Snowband over and Downwind of Lake Ontario, Mon. Wea. Rev., 144, 4221-4244, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0057.1
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Bell, M.M., R.A. Ballard, M. Bauman, A.M. Foerster, A. Frambach, K.A. Kosiba, W.-C. Lee, S.L. Rees, and J. Wurman, 2015: The Hawaiian Educational Radar Opportunity (HERO), Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96, 2167-2181, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00126.1
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Jing, X., B. Geerts, K. Friedrich, and B. Pokharel, 2015: Dual-polarization radar data analysis of the impact of ground-based glaciogenic seeding on winter orographic clouds. Part I: Mostly stratiform clouds. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 54, 1944–1969, doi: 10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0257.1
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Jing, X., and B. Geerts, 2015: Dual-polarization radar data analysis of the impact of ground-based glaciogenic seeding on winter orographic clouds. Part II: Convective clouds. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 54, 2099–2117, doi: 10.1175/JAMC-D-15-0056.1
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Pokharel, B., B. Geerts, and X. Jing, 2015: The impact of ground-based glaciogenic seeding on clouds and precipitation over mountains: A case study of a shallow orographic cloud with large supercooled droplets. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 120, 6056–6079, doi: 10.1002/2014JD022693
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Skinner, P.S., C.C. Weiss, L.J. Wicker, C.K. Potvin, and D.C. Dowell, 2015: Forcing mechanisms for an internal rear-flank downdraft momentum surge in the 18 May 2010 Dumas, Texas supercell, Mon. Wea. Rev., 143, 4305-4330, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-15-0164.1
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Weiss, C.C., D.C. Dowell, J.L. Schroeder, P.S. Skinner, A.E. Reinhart, P.M. Markowski, and Y.P Richardson, 2015: A comparison of near-surface buoyancy and baroclinity across three VORTEX2 supercell intercepts, Mon. Wea. Rev., 143, 2736-2753, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-14-00307.1
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Atkins, N.T., E.M. Glidden, and T.M. Nicholson, 2014: Observations of Wall Cloud Formation in Supercell Thunderstorms during VORTEX2. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 4823-4838, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-14-00125.1
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Kosiba, K.A., and J. Wurman, 2014: Fine-scale dual-Doppler analysis of hurricane boundary layer structures in Hurricane Frances (2004) at landfall. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 1874-1891, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00178.1
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Kosiba, K. A., P. Robinson, P. W. Chan, and J. Wurman, 2014: Wind Field of a Nonmesocyclone Anticyclonic Tornado Crossing the Hong Kong International Airport. Advances in Meteorology, 2014, 597378, doi: 10.1155/2014/597378
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Marquis, J., Y. Richardson, P. Markowski, D. Dowell, J. Wurman, K.A. Kosiba, P. Robinson, and G. Romine, 2014: An Investigation of the Goshen County, Wyoming, Tornadic Supercell of 5 June 2009 Using EnKF Assimilation of Mobile Mesonet and Radar Observations Collected during VORTEX2. Part I: Experiment Design and Verification of the EnKF Analyses. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 530-554, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00007.1
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Pokharel, B., B. Geerts, and X. Jing, 2014: The impact of ground-based glaciogenic seeding on orographic clouds and precipitation: A multisensor case study. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 53, 890–909, doi: 10.1175/JAMC-D-13-0290.1
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Pokharel, B., B. Geerts, X. Jing, K. Friedrich, J. Aikins, D. Breed, R. Rasmussen, and A. Huggins, 2014: The impact of ground-based glaciogenic seeding on clouds and precipitation over mountains: A multi-sensor case study of shallow precipitating orographic cumuli. Atmos. Res., 147–148, 162–182, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.05.014
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Refan, M., H. Hangan, and J. Wurman, 2014: Reproducing tornadoes in laboratory using proper scaling. J. Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 135, 136-148, doi: 10.1016/j.jweia.2014.10.008
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Skinner, P.S., C.C. Weiss, M.M. French, H.B. Bluestein, P.M. Markowski, and Y.P. Richardson, 2014: VORTEX2 Observations of a Low-Level Mesocyclone with Multiple Internal Rear-Flank Downdraft Momentum Surges in the 18 May 2010 Dumas, Texas, Supercell. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 2935–2960, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00240.1
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Weckwerth, T.M., L.J. Bennett, L.J. Miller, J.V. Baelen, P.D. Girolamo, A.M. Blyth, and T.J. Hertneky, 2014: An Observational and Modeling Study of the Processes Leading to Deep, Moist Convection in Complex Terrain. Mon. Wea. Rev., 142, 2687-2708, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00216.1
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Wurman, J., K.A. Kosiba, P. Robinson, and T. Marshall, 2014: The Role of Multiple Vortex Tornado Structure in Causing Storm Researcher Fatalities. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95, 31-45, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00221.1
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Friedrich, K., S. Higgins, F. J. Masters, and C. R. Lopez, 2013: Articulating and Stationary PARSIVEL Disdrometer Measurements in Conditions with Strong Winds and Heavy Rainfall. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 30, 2063–2080, doi: 10.1175/JTECH-D-12-00254.1
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Friedrich, K. E.A. Kalina, F.J. Master, and C.R. Lopez, 2013: Drop-Size Distributions in Thunderstorms Measured by Optical Disdrometers during VORTEX2. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 1182-1203, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00116.1
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Geerts, B., B. Pokharel, K. Friedrich, D. Breed, R. Rasmussen, Y. Yang, Q. Miao, S. Haimov, B. Boe, and E. Kalina, 2013: The AgI Seeding Cloud Impact Investigation (ASCII) campaign 2012: overview and preliminary results. J. Wea. Mod., 45, 24-43.
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Kosiba, K. A., and J. Wurman, 2013: The Three-Dimensional Structure and Evolution of a Tornado Boundary Layer. Wea. Forecasting, 28, 1552–1561, doi: 10.1175/WAF-D-13-00070.1
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Kosiba, K., J. Wurman, F. J. Masters, and P. Robinson, 2013: Mapping of Near-Surface Winds in Hurricane Rita Using Finescale Radar, Anemometer, and Land-Use Data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 4337–4349, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00350.1
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Kosiba, K., J. Wurman, Y. Richardson, P. Markowski, P. Robinson, and J. Marquis, 2013: Genesis of the Goshen County, Wyoming, Tornado on 5 June 2009 during VORTEX2. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 1157–1181, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00056.1
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Nolan, D.S., 2013: On the Use of Doppler-Radar-Derived Wind Fields to Diagnose the Secondary Circulations of Tornadoes. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 1160-1171, doi: 10.1175/JAS-D-12-0200.1
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Steiger, S. M., R. Schrom, A. Stamm, D. Ruth, K. Jaszka, T. Kress, B. Rathbun, J. Frame, J. Wurman, and K. Kosiba, 2013: Circulations, Bounded Weak Echo Regions, and Horizontal Vortices Observed within Long-Lake-Axis-Parallel–Lake-Effect Storms by the Doppler on Wheels. Mon. Wea. Rev., 141, 2821–2840, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00226.1
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Toth, M., R.J. Trapp, J. Wurman, and K. Kosiba, 2013: Comparison of Mobile-Radar Measurements of Tornado Intensity with Corresponding WSR-88D Measurements. Wea. Forecasting, 28, 418-426, doi: 10.1175/WAF-D-12-00019.1
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Wurman, J., K. Kosiba, and P. Robinson, 2013: In Situ, Doppler Radar, and Video Observations of the Interior Structure of a Tornado and the Wind–Damage Relationship. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94, 835–846, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00114.1
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Wurman, J., and K. Kosiba, 2013: Finescale Radar Observations of Tornado and Mesocyclone Structures. Wea. Forecasting, 28, 1157-1174, doi: 10.1175/WAF-D-12-00127.1
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Ziegler, C., 2013: A Diabatic Lagrangian Technique for the Analysis of Convective Storms. Part II: Application to a radar-observed storm. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 30, 2266-2280, doi: 10.1175/JTECH-D-13-00036.1
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Atkins, N. T., A. McGee, R. Ducharme, R.M. Wakimoto, and J. Wurman, 2012: The LaGrange Tornado during VORTEX2. Part II: Photogrammetric Analysis of the Tornado Combined with Dual-Doppler Radar Data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 2939-2958, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00285.1
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Markowski, P., Y. Richardson, J. Marquis, J. Wurman, K. Kosiba, P. Robinson, D. Dowell, E. Rasmussen, and R. Davies-Jones, 2012: The Pretornadic Phase of the Goshen County, Wyoming, Supercell of 5 June 2009 Intercepted by VORTEX2. Part I: Evolution of Kinematic and Surface Thermodynamic Fields. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 2887-2915, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00336.1
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Markowski P., Y. Richardson, J. Marquis, R. Davies-Jones, J. Wurman, K. Kosiba, P. Robinson, E. Rasmussen, and D. Dowell, 2012: The Pretornadic Phase of the Goshen County, Wyoming, Supercell of 5 June 2009 Intercepted by VORTEX2. Part II: Intensification of Low-Level Rotation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 2916-2938, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00337.1
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Marquis, J., Y. Richardson, P. Markowski, D. Dowell, and J. Wurman, 2012: Tornado Maintenance Investigated with High-Resolution Dual-Doppler and EnKF Analysis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 3-27, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00025.1
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Potvin, C.K., L.J. Wicker, and A. Shapiro, 2012: Assessing Errors in Variational Dual-Doppler Wind Syntheses of Supercell Thunderstorms Observed by Storm-Scale Mobile Radars. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 29, 1009-1025, doi: 10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00177.1
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Potvin, C.K., A. Shapiro, and M. Xue, 2012: Impact of a Vertical Vorticity Constraint in Variational Dual-Doppler Wind Analysis: Tests with Real and Simulated Supercell Data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 29, 32-49, doi: 10.1175/JTECH-D-11-00019.1
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Wakimoto, R.M., P. Stauffer, W.-C. Lee, N.T. Atkins, and J. Wurman, 2012: Finescale Structure of the LaGrange, Wyoming, Tornado during VORTEX2: GBVTD and Photogrammetric Analyses. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 3397-3418, doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00036.1
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Wurman, J., D. Dowell, Y. Richardson, P. Markowski, E. Rasmussen, D. Burgess, L. Wicker, and H.B. Bluestein 2012: The Second Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment: VORTEX2. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, 1147-1170, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00010.1
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Bennett, L. J., A. M. Blyth, R. R. Burton, A. M. Gadian, T. M. Weckwerth, A. Behrendt, P. Di Girolamo, M. Dorninger, S. Lock, V. H. Smith, and S. D. Mobbs, 2011: Initiation of convection over the Black Forest mountains during COPS IOP15a. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 176–189, doi: 10.1002/qj.760
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Potvin, C.K., A. Shapiro, M.I. Biggerstaff, and J.M. Wurman, 2011: The VDAC Technique: A Variational Method for Detecting and Characterizing Convective Vortices in Multiple-Doppler Radar Data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 139, 2593-2613, doi: 10.1175/2011MWR3638.1
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Toth, M., E. Jones, D. Pittman, and D. Solomon, 2011: DOW Radar Observations of Wind Farms. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 92, 987-995, doi: 10.1175/2011BAMS3068.1
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Wakimoto, R.M., N.T. Atkins, and J. Wurman, 2011: The LaGrange Tornado during VORTEX2. Part I: Photogrammetric Analysis of the Tornado Combined with Single-Doppler Radar Data. Mon. Wea. Rev., 139, 2233-2258, doi: 10.1175/2010MWR3568.1
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Wulfmeyer, V., and Coauthors, 2011: The Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study (COPS): the scientific strategy, the field phase, and research highlights. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137, 3–30, doi: 10.1002/qj.752
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Bennett, L.J., T.M. Weckwerth, A.M. Blyth, B. Geerts, Q. Miao, and Y.P. Richardson, 2010: Observations of the Evolution of the Nocturnal and Convective Boundary Layers and the Structure of Open-Celled Convection on 14 June 2002. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 2589-2607, doi: 10.1175/2010MWR3200.1
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Kosiba, K., and J. Wurman, 2010: The Three-Dimensional Axisymmetric Wind Field Structure of the Spencer, South Dakota, 1998 Tornado. J. Atmos. Sci., 67, 3074–3083, doi: 10.1175/2010JAS3416.1
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Wurman, J., K. Kosiba, P. Markowski, Y. Richardson, D. Dowell, and P. Robinson, 2010: Finescale Single- and Dual-Doppler Analysis of Tornado Intensification, Maintenance, and Dissipation in the Orleans, Nebraska, Supercell. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 4439–4455, doi: 10.1175/2010MWR3330.1
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Byko, Z., P. Markowski, Y. Richardson, J. Wurman, and E. Adlerman, 2009: Descending Reflectivity Cores in Supercell Thunderstorms Observed by Mobile Radars and in a High-Resolution Numerical Simulation. Wea. Forecasting, 24, 155-186, doi: 10.1175/2008WAF2222116.1
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Frame, J., P. Markowski, Y. Richardson, J. Straka, and J. Wurman, 2009: Polarimetric and Dual-Doppler Radar Observations of the Lipscomb County, Texas, Supercell Thunderstorm on 23 May 2002. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 544–561, doi: 10.1175/2008MWR2425.1
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Wood, V., R.A. Brown, and D.C. Dowell, 2009: Simulated WSR-88D Velocity and Reflectivity Signatures of Numerically Modeled Tornadoes. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 26, 876-893, doi: 10.1175/2008JTECHA1181.1
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Friedrich, K., D.E. Kingsmill, C. Flamant, H.V. Murphey, and R.M. Wakimoto, 2008: Kinematic and Moisture Characteristics of a Nonprecipitating Cold Front Observed during IHOP. Part II: Alongfront Structures. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 3796-3821, doi: 10.1175/2008MWR2360.1
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Kosiba, K. A., R. J. Trapp, and J. Wurman, 2008: An analysis of the axisymmetric three-dimensional low level wind field in a tornado using mobile radar observations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L05805, doi: 10.1029/2007GL031851
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Majcen, M., P. Markowski, Y. Richardson, D. Dowell, and J. Wurman, 2008: Multi-pass objective analyses of radar data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 25, 1845–1858, doi: 10.1175/2008JTECHA1089.1
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Marquis, J., Y. Richardson, J. Wurman, and P. Markowski, 2008: Single- and Dual-Doppler Analysis of a Tornadic Vortex and Surrounding Storm-Scale Flow in the Crowell, Texas, Supercell of 30 April 2000. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 5017–5043, doi: 10.1175/2008MWR2442.1
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Richardson, Y., P. Markowski, J. Verlinde, and J. Wurman, 2008: Field Experience: Integrating Classroom Learning And Research: The Pennsylvania Area Mobile Radar Experiment (PAMREX). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 89, 1097-1101, doi: 10.1175/2007BAMS2567.1
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Wulfmeyer, V., and Coauthors, 2008: Research Campaign: The Convective and Orographically Induced Precipitation Study. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 89, 1477-1486, doi: 10.1175/2008BAMS2367.1
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Bluestein, H.B., M.M. French, R. Tanamachi, S. Frasier, K. Hardwick, F. Junyent, A.L. Pazmany, 2007: Close-Range Observations of Tornadoes in Supercells Made with a Dual-Polarization, X-Band, Mobile Doppler Radar. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 1522-1543, doi: 10.1175/MWR3349.1
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Buban, M.S., C.L. Ziegler, E.N. Rasmussen, Y.P. Richardson, 2007: The Dryline on 22 May 2002 during IHOP: Ground-Radar and In Situ Data Analyses of the Dryline and Boundary Layer Evolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 2473-2505, doi: 10.1175/MWR3453.1
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Grzych, M.L., B.D. Lee, C.A. Finley, 2007: Thermodynamic Analysis of Supercell Rear-Flank Downdrafts from Project ANSWERS. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 240-246, doi: 10.1175/MWR3288.1
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Markowski, P., Y. Richadson, 2007: Observations of Vertical Wind Shear Heterogeneity in Convective Boundary Layers. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 843-861, doi: 10.1175/MWR3334.1
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Marquis, J.N., Y.P. Richardson, J.M. Wurman, 2007: Kinematic Observations of Misocyclones along Boundaries during IHOP. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 1749-1768, doi: 10.1175/MWR3367.1
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Martin, W.J., A. Shapiro, 2007: Discrimination of Bird and Insect Radar Echoes in Clear Air Using High-Resolution Radars. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 24, 1215-1230, doi: 10.1175/JTECH2038.1
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Miao, Q., B. Geerts, 2007: Finescale Vertical Structure and Dynamics of Some Dryline Boundaries Observed in IHOP. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 4161-4184, doi: 10.1175/2007MWR1982.1
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Rasmussen, E.N., J.M. Straka, 2007: Evolution of Low-Level Angular Momentum in the 2 June 1995 Dimmitt, Texas, Tornado Cyclone. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1365-1378, doi: 10.1175/JAS3829.1
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Sipprell, B.D., B. Geerts, 2007: Finescale Vertical Structure and Evolution of a Preconvective Dryline on 19 June 2002. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 2111-2134, doi: 10.1175/MWR3354.1
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Stonitsch, J.R., Markowski, P.M., 2007: Unusually Long Duration, Multiple-Doppler Radar Observations of a Front in a Convective Boundary Layer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 93-117, doi: 10.1175/MWR3261.1
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Wurman, J., Y. Richardson, C. Alexander, S. Weygandt, P.F. Zhang, 2007: Dual-Doppler Analysis of Winds and Vorticity Budget Terms near a Tornado. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 2392-2405, doi: 10.1175/MWR3404.1
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Wurman, J., Y. Richardson, C. Alexander, S. Weygandt, P.F. Zhang, 2007: Dual-Doppler and Single-Doppler Analysis of a Tornadic Storm Undergoing Mergers and Repeated Tornadogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 736-758, doi: 10.1175/MWR3276.1
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Wurman, J., P. Robinson, C. Alexander, Y. Richardson, 2007: Low-Level Winds in Tornadoes and Potential Catastrophic Tornado Impacts in Urban Areas. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 31-46, doi: 10.1175/BAMS-88-1-31
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Ziegler, C.L., E.N. Rasmussen, M.S. Buban, Y.P. Richardson, L.J. Miller, R.M. Rabin, 2007: The “Triple Point” on 24 May 2002 during IHOP. Part II: Ground-Radar and In Situ Boundary Layer Analysis of Cumulus Development and Convection Initiation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 2443-2472, doi: 10.1175/MWR3411.1
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Ziegler, C.L., M.S. Buban, E.N. Rasmussen, 2007: A Lagrangian Objective Analysis Technique for Assimilating In Situ Observations with Multiple-Radar-Derived Airflow. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 2417-2442, doi: 10.1175/MWR3396.1
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Arnott, N.R., Y.P. Richardson, J. Wurman, E.M. Rasmussen, 2006: Relationship between a Weakening Cold Front, Misocyclones, and Cloud Development on 10 June 2002 during IHOP. , Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 311-33, doi: 10.1175/MWR3065.1
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Beck, J.R., J.L. Schroeder, J. Wurman, 2006: High-Resolution Dual-Doppler Analyses of the 29 May 2001 Kress, Texas, Cyclic Supercell. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 3125-3148, doi: 10.1175/MWR3246.1
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Haldun, K., K. Knupp, 2006: Mobile Integrated Profiler System (MIPS) Observations of Low-Level Convergent Boundaries during IHOP. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 92-112, doi: 10.1175/MWR3058.1
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Markowski, P, C. Hannon, 2006: Multiple-Doppler Radar Observations of the Evolution of Vorticity Extrema in a Convective Boundary Layer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 355-374, doi: 10.1175/MWR3060.1
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Schultz, D.M. et al., 2006: The Mysteries of Mammatus Clouds: Observations and Formation Mechanisms. J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 2409-2435, doi: 10.1175/JAS3758.1
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Tanamachi, R.L., H.B. Bluestein, S.S. Moore, R.P. Madding, 2006: Infrared Thermal Imagery of Cloud Base in Tornadic Supercells. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 23, 1445-1461, doi: 10.1175/JTECH1942.1
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Alexander, C.R., J. Wurman, 2005: The 30 May 1998 Spencer, South Dakota, Storm. Part I: The Structural Evolution and Environment of the Tornadoes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 72-97, doi: 10.1175/MWR-2855.1
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Colle, B.A., J.B. Wolfe, J. Steenburgh, D.E Kingsmill, J.A.W. Cox, J.C. Shafer, 2005: High-Resolution Simulations and Microphysical Validation of an Orographic Precipitation Event over the Wasatch Mountains during IPEX IOP3. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 2947-2971, doi: 10.1175/MWR3017.1
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Cox, J.A.W., J. Steenburgh, D.E. Kingsmill, J.C. Shafer, B.A. Colle, O. Bousquet, B.F. Smull, H. Cai, 2005: The Kinematic Structure of a Wasatch Mountain Winter Storm during IPEX IOP3. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 521-542, doi: 10.1175/MWR-2875.1
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Dowell, D.C., C.R. Alexander, J.M. Wurman, L.J. Wicker, 2005: Centrifuging of Hydrometeors and Debris in Tornadoes: Radar-Reflectivity Patterns and Wind-Measurement Errors. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 1501-1524, doi: 10.1175/MWR2934.1
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Lee, W., and J. Wurman, 2005: Diagnosed Three-Dimensional Axisymmetric Structure of the Mulhall Tornado on 3 May 1999. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 2373-2393, doi: 10.1175/JAS3489.1
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Martin, W.J., A. Shapiro, 2005: Impact of Radar Tilt and Ground Clutter on Wind Measurements in Clear Air. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 22, 649-663, doi: 10.1175/JTECH1737.1
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Wurman, J., C.R. Alexander, 2005: The 30 May 1998 Spencer, South Dakota, Storm. Part II: Comparison of Observed Damage and Radar-Derived Winds in the Tornadoes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 133, 97-119, doi: 10.1175/MWR-2856.1
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Bluestein, H.B., C.C. Weiss, A.L. Pazmany, 2003: Mobile Doppler Radar Observations of a Tornado in a Supercell near Bassett, Nebraska, on 5 June 1999. Part I: Tornadogenesis. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 2954-2967, doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2954:MDROOA>2.0.CO;2
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Bousquet, O., B.F. Smull, 2003: Airflow and Precipitation Fields within Deep Alpine Valleys Observed by Airborne Doppler Radar. J. Appl. Meteor., 42, 1497-1513, doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1497:AAPFWD>2.0.CO;2
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Schultz, D., R.J. Trapp, 2003: Nonclassical Cold-Frontal Structure Caused by Dry Subcloud Air in Northern Utah during the Intermountain Precipitation Experiment (IPEX). Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 2222-2246, doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2222:NCSCBD>2.0.CO;2
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Shapiro, A., P. Robinson, J. Wurman, J. Gao, 2003: Single-Doppler Velocity Retrieval with Rapid-Scan Radar Data. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 20, 1758-1775, doi: 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1758:SVRWRR>2.0.CO;2
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Sieck, L., M. Steiner, S. Burges, J. Smith, C. Alonso, 2003: The Challenges of Measuring Rainfall: Observations Made at the Goodwin Creek Research Watershed. First Interagency Conference on Research in the Watersheds, Benson, AZ., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.
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Steiner, M., O. Bousquet, R.A. Houze Jr., B.F. Smull, M. Mancini, 2003: Airflow within major Alpine river valleys under heavy rainfall. Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 129, 411-431, doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1497:AAPFWD>2.0.CO;2
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Burgess, D.W., M.A. Magsis, J. Wurman, D.C. Dowell, Y. Richardson, 2002: Radar Observations of the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma City Tornado. Wea. and Forecasting, 17, 456-471, doi: 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0456:ROOTMO>2.0.CO;2
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Markowski, P., J.M. Straka, E.N. Rasmussen, 2002: Direct Surface Thermodynamic Observations within the Rear-Flank Downdrafts of Nontornadic and Tornadic Supercells. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1692-1721, doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1692:DSTOWT>2.0.CO;2
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Schultz, D.M., et al., 2002: Understanding Utah Winter Storms: The Intermountain Precipitation Experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 189-210, doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<0189:UUWSTI>2.3.CO;2
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Schultz, D.M., et al., 2002: Supplement to Understanding Utah Winter Storms: The Intermountain Precipitation Experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 83, 210-210, doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<0210:STUUWS>2.3.CO;2
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Speheger, D.A., C.A. Doswell, III, G.J. Stumpf, 2002: The Tornadoes of 3 May 1999: Event Verification in Central Oklahoma and Related Issues. Wea. and Forecasting, 3, 362-381, doi: 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0362:TTOMEV>2.0.CO;2
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Wurman, J., 2002: The Multiple-Vortex Structure of a Tornado. Wea. and Forecasting, 17, 473-505, doi: 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0473:TMVSOA>2.0.CO;2
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Pasch, R.J., L.A. Avila, J.L. Guiney, 2001: Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1998. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 3085-3123, doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<3085:AHSO>2.0.CO;2
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Wurman, J., S. Gill, 2000: Finescale Radar Observations of the Dimmitt, Texas (2 June 1995), Tornado. Mon, Wea Rev., 128, 2135-2164, doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<2135:FROOTD>2.0.CO;2
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Weckwerth, T.M., T.W. Horst, J.W. Wilson, 1999: An Observational Study of the Evolution of Horizontal Convective Rolls. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 2160-2179, doi: 10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<2160:AOSOTE>2.0.CO;2
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Wurman, J., J. Winslow, 1998: Sub-Kilometer-Scale Boundary Layer Rolls. Science, 280, 555-557, doi: 10.1126/science.280.5363.555
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Wurman, J., J. Straka, E. Rasmussen, M. Randall, A. Zahrai, 1997: Design and Deployment of a Portable, Pencil-Beam, Pulsed, 3-cm Doppler Radar. J. Atmos. Oceanic Tech., 14, 1502-1512, doi: 10.1175/1520-0426(1997)014<1502:DADOAP>2.0.CO;2
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Wurman, J., J. Straka, E. Rasmussen, 1996: Fine Scale Doppler Observation of Tornadoes. Science, 272, 1774-1777, doi: 10.1126/science.272.5269.1774
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